Describe the cognitive processes required when preparing for examinations Free Essays

Presentation The point of the current paper was to research and talk about the intellectual procedures engaged with the groundwork for tests. The paper covers the foundation of psychological brain science, talking about the different resources of intellectual preparing. It at that point proceeds to examine the particular resources of consideration and memory, as these were two central systems remembered for the writing when considering the learning and memorisation of data. We will compose a custom paper test on Portray the subjective procedures required while getting ready for assessments or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Conversation about the intellectual procedures associated with consideration and memory is fused in to the paper, and proposals on how understudies can utilize subjective strategies to upgrade the presentation of these psychological procedures while getting ready for tests are subsumed. The paper finishes up with the recommendation that the working memory model as proposed by Baddeley Hitch (1974) is the principle subjective procedure associated with test readiness. The term â€Å"cognition† is gotten from the Latin word â€Å"cognoscere† which when made an interpretation of in to the English language, signifies the significance â€Å"to know†. Consequently, psychological brain research is worried about the logical investigation of human discernment. Procedures, for example, recognition, learning, judgment, dynamic and memory are a portion of the components that comprise as intellectual capacity. The principal point of scientists in the field of intellectual brain science is to set up how people obtain and apply information and data to and from their surroundings (Lu Dosher, 2007). Information through discernment is achieved by method of the five detects where various parts of the data, for example, structure and movement speak to different various highlights of the boosts (Livingstone Hubel, 1988; Ungerleider Mishkin, 1982; Julesz, 1971). The motivation behind learning is to improve the reaction of the person to their condi tion (Kandel, 1976; Estes, 1969). Along these lines, all through the mental writing on intellectual preparing, accentuation has been founded on the impact of related knowledge and procedural information on an individual’s execution (Roediger, 1990). The consideration capacity of the subjective procedure oversees data so the brain works effectively without getting over-burden. This is done through specific preparing, whereby certain snippets of data are chosen for handling. Furthermore, the consideration personnel may likewise deal with the admission of synchronous snippets of data by isolating and dispersing the assets concerned them (Broadbent, 1957; Posner, 1980; Treisman, 1969). The judgment and dynamic staff of intellectual handling is required for the person to adequately play out a willful conduct. The decision that the individual makes might be driven by understood or unequivocal judgment and choice, embroiling that the individual may have a cognizant or oblivious reas on for their choice (von Neumann Morgenstern 1944; Luce, 1959). However, the most evolved part of psychological brain research and the investigation of subjective procedures is the staff of memory. Memory examines place significant accentuation on exploring the strategies in which recollections are gained, put away and recovered. Examination gives sign that the limit of memory is partitioned to perform separate obligations, for example, holding data about nature, methods, abilities and running the working memory instrument (Cowan, 1995; Dosher, 1999). The current paper tries to talk about which subjective procedures are utilized during groundwork for a test, with explicit references to the consideration and memory elements of the cerebrum, as these are the two capacities that go connected at the hip while holding and reviewing data (Cherry, 2014). The fitness to process data specifically through consideration, and hold data in a manner by which is available through the working memory are two basic parts of intellectual limit. While proof shows that consideration assumes little job in the support of data encoded in the memory (Fougnie, 2008), it has been proposed that there are solid connections between the working memory and consideration resources of the psychological brain during the encoding and control procedure of information securing (Cherry 2014; Fougnie, 2008). Hypothetical models of the working memory normally portray a job for consideration. In any case, between these various models, the specific job for consideration has not been conceded to and remains ambiguously indistinct, therefore banters about which handling stage that attentional determination happens (Fougnie, 2008). The most broadly acknowledged model of memory is the Working Memory Model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. In this model, consideration is the arbiter between tactile memory and the focal official, where sub capacities, for example, the phonological store and the visuospatial sketch cushion, two transient memory stores, hold momentary sound-related and visual data separately. These are known as the ‘slave systems’ and give proof with regards to how people can perform various tasks. As per the working memory model, the data from these slave frameworks are then moved back to the focal official whereby they are encoded in the drawn out memory (Fougnie, 2008). These discoveries give a diagram to which intellectual procedures happen during test readiness, where understudies endeavor to hold data that they will later on recover. However, further examination proposes that learning and holding data for tests might be a more intricate methodology than those sketched out by memory models (Hill, 2009). Ebbinghaus (1885) researched the technique wherein the maintenance and overlooking of data happen. The foundation of the overlooking bend gave knowledge into how recollections disseminate over some undefined time frame (Groome, Brace, Dewart, Edgar, Edgar, Esgate, Kemp, Pike Stafford, 2006). So also, Bartlett’s Story Recall explore (1932) loaned understanding to the idea that data is required to hold semantic incentive so as to be recollected (Groome, et al., 2006). Along these lines, as per Hill (2009), the best ways for understudies to retain data for their tests is through reiteration, elaboration and association. To additionally expound on the recommendations of Ebbinghaus (1885), Bartlett (1932) and Hill (2009), scientists proposed a few examinations in food. Ebbinghaus (1885) further expressed that so as to abstain from overlooking and improve memory, reiteration was essentially important. Utilizing the ‘mind’s voice’, the phonological circle, the pat tern of learning and precisely reviewing fortifies the memory, accordingly making test arrangement simpler as less time will be required to re-get familiar with the material, henceforth why modifying for tests more than once improves review (Hill, 2009). Also, for Bartlett (1932), it has been discovered that data having semantic worth is reviewed all the more proficiently (Craik Tulving, 1975; Ley, 1978). It might be estimated that the clarification of is reasoned to the consideration capacity of the working memory choosing important data so as to upgrade the individual’s execution dependent on earlier learning and experience. In view of these discoveries, mental aides might be recommended as a successful amendment device, since partner data with striking visual symbolism and words has demonstrated upgraded review (Bower, 1972). Besides, introducing data in an organized way in which importance is passed on has been found to encourage review (Hill, 2009). By gathering or reque sting materials in a sorted out way, the individual will exploit the mind’s existing technique for speaking to data semantically, accordingly making the data simpler to encode and recover through memory. For instance, Ley et al (1978) found that introducing clinical data to patients in a sorted out and organized way improved their review up to 25%. Subsequently, it is proposed that understudies sufficiently sort out their learning materials in a semantic way so as to get ready for their tests in the most creative manner. Despite the fact that the writing has given rich proof to help the thought that the memory and consideration resources assume a significant job in test readiness, there are additionally pertinent restrictions needing tending to. The working memory model has been scrutinized as being invalid, as when new investigations propose discoveries that don't fit with the current working memory model, the working memory model is altered so as to suit the new discoveries. This makes it hard to adulterate the model or supplant it with another one, and demonstrates that any examination discoveries dependent on the working memory model are void (Neath Nairne , 1995). Besides, the discoveries of Ebbinghaus (1885) have been addressed, as the subject of his investigation was himself. With no goal discoveries, specialists accept the consequences of the overlooking bend to be problematic (Hill, 2009). In spite of these reactions, later examination dependent on both the working memory model and the overl ooking bend has effectively revealed new discoveries on the subjective procedures engaged with memory (Groome, et al., 2006). Taking everything into account, the discoveries in the writing have loaned sufficient help to the idea that test planning intensely depends on the subjective procedures of consideration and memory. The writing has demonstrated that these two resources work conjointly so as to accomplish long haul memory. Studies on the Working Memory Model have distinguished the particular jobs of the two subjective procedures, and the writing has offered further help on how the functioning memory model is essential in test modification through nitty gritty portrayals of these capacities. Studies on memory maintenance and overlooking have involved that reiteration, elaboration and association are the key

Popular College Application Essay Topics

Popular College Application Essay TopicsCollege admission essay topics can help you immensely. Not all the topics are good for a college admission essay. There are some topics that require too much research and other topics that can be done easily with basic information. This article is going to give you some tips for writing a college application essay.One of the more common college application essays is 'Why I want to go to college'. This is one of the most popular college application essays. It needs to have a really good and detailed reason why the applicant wants to attend college. Good topics for this topic include; because it's what I love to do, because I want to know more about the world, I'm looking for a better job, or because I want to study something that interests me.The major point of an essay is to let the reader know about your thoughts and ideas. So, you should be able to tell from the first paragraph of your college application essay why you are writing it. That sh ould be something that is very clear and is a good reason for why you want to apply to college.In addition to stating your main reason for applying, you should be able to get in a little more detail about it. That can be done by using specific examples. After you get your reader in a good place about why you are applying, you can move on to the essay's conclusion.Some people do not like writing the college application essay because they feel it's too long. This is probably not true. The time involved is not as big as it may seem. It depends on how complex or detailed the essay is.It's really important that you write the college application essay as if you were writing a speech. It should flow well. You should feel comfortable writing your own essay even if you haven't written an essay before. Try to be yourself.When you start writing, it's a good idea to write down what you would like to accomplish. The next step is to come up with a topic. Then you need to write about it in a parag raph or two. The rest of the essay can follow this outline.After you've read the basics of a college application essay, you will find that the more detail you can get into the essay, the better it will turn out. Some topics require lots of research, so don't get upset if it seems too much work for you. You will get better at writing them as you go along.

How to Recognize Symptoms of Depression

How to Recognize Symptoms of Depression Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Depression Print How to Recognize Symptoms of Depression By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on February 22, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids K-King Photography Media Co. Ltd / Digital Vision / Getty Images If you or someone you know has unipolar or bipolar depression, you need to recognize the symptoms of depression and contact a doctor if they continue or grow more serious. Warning Signs If you start having trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep, keep a record and watch for other symptoms of depression.Be on the alert if someone starts sleeping excessively. Seriously depressed persons can sleep as much as 20 hours a day in some cases.Be concerned if someone begins canceling social engagements and staring at television programs he otherwise wouldnt watch.Notice if mail is piling up unopened or other common tasks such as laundry, taking out garbage, etc., are not being done.Marked change in appetite (increase or decrease), or significant weight gain or loss, can signify many conditions, including depression; consider it in light of other depressive episode symptoms.Keep track of episodes of unexplained and uncontrolled crying.Document feelings of sadness, guilt, worthlessness or despair that last most or all day for several days.Be alert if you or your loved one exhibits signs of unusual worry, anger, negativity, helplessness or hopelessness.Pay attention if you or a loved one begins to have difficulty making even simple decisions. This is one of the very common symptoms of depression.Be sensitive to behavioral changes such as disorganization, inability to concentrate, or indifference to everyday necessary tasks.Notice if actions and thoughts seem to be slowing down (psychomotor retardation) or speeding up jerkily (psychomotor agitation).Watch your loved one for physical symptoms of depression such as slumped posture, frowning, decreased eye contact, frequent sighing, inattentive speech, or decreased sexual desires.If symptoms of depression appear after a change in medication, contact the prescribing doctor promptly.Contact the doctor quickly if you experience or someone reports recurrent thoughts of death and suicide. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. A Word From Verywell Symptoms of depression can creep up slowly or descend quickly. If slowly, it can be harder to notice, especially in yourself. Get in the habit of observing yourself if you have depressive episodes. Make a pact with your friend or loved one that if one of you sees a group of symptoms of depression in the other, the affected person will take appropriate action such as contacting a doctor. Or make a pact with yourself. This is not an exhaustive list of symptoms of depression. You will encounter more through observation and reading. Add more red flags to your or your loved ones personal list of depression symptoms as you spot them! Get Help With the 7 Best Online Resources for Depression

Sin and Personal Growth in The Scarlet Letter Essay

The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and was first published in 1850. Hawthorne’s purpose for The Scarlet Letter was to show how anybody can sin, and that sin should be used as an example to learn from. Hawthorne also made clear that good can come from sin and that sin can help a person grow. Hester Prynne is the main character of the book. She is still young when she has her child, Pearl. She is a strong and determined, and uses her past sin, and the â€Å"A† as something to learn from rather than something to be ashamed of. After the shame of getting the â€Å"A,† she moved into the outskirts of town and became a seamstress. The way she was able to move on from her sin and continue her life, even after being scorned and†¦show more content†¦He is known by several different names in the book, two of which are, â€Å"the leech,† and â€Å"the stranger.† He is known at first as â€Å"the stranger† because he shows up unexpectedly, and the Puritans do not know him. The name â€Å"the stranger† is also used to make him seem untrustworthy and possibly dangerous. After being called â€Å"the stranger,† he becomes known as â€Å"the leech.† In those times, doctors used leeches to suck out blood that was thought to be infected, with the intention of curing someone with a disease. Chillingworth being called a leech contrasts this because he sucks out the life out of Dimmesdale in order to take revenge on him for helping Hester to be unfaithful. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is an intelligent and emotional man who moved from England to Boston. He is Hester’s lover and Pearl’s father, although they are the only ones who know it. He is deeply convicted by the fact that Hester has to deal with public shame every day while he is almost worshiped despite the same sin. He is a great speaker and he convicts many hearts with his sermons, which, towards the end of the book, mainly concern sin and its power over the heart. He eventually becomes sick with his own hypocrisy. He has constant thoughts and dreams of confessing his sin to everyone, although he never does until rightShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1153 Words   |  5 Pages i. 1. The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a romantic novel that takes place in sixteenth century Boston, Massachusetts. 2. As a romantic novel, it focuses on the various relationships between the characters and the drastic experiences caused by the scarlet letter between the four main characters being Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingsworth, and Pearl Prynne, with the condemnation of the Puritan society 3. The unknown narrator follows the novel’s main antagonistRead MoreThe Importance Of Human Punishment In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1380 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter explores how the human condition and sin clash. 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This leads to her thinking more boldly about society and herself. â€Å"The scarlet letter was her passportRead MoreSocietys Sin In The Scarlet Letter1226 Words   |  5 Pages Society’s Sin In Hawthorne’s romantic novel The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne uses symbolism, contrasting, romantic imagery, and individual characterization to argue that sin can and should be forgiven despite the misguided ideals of society. By using symbolism to convey his argument in his novel, Hawthorne adds nuanced meaning to his argument. Notably, the letter A, the most prominent symbol in the book which originally meant to symbolize adultery, is ambiguous in many ways in order to give theRead MoreGreat Gatsby Scarlet Letter Essay690 Words   |  3 PagesJason Bello AP English March 22, 2000 The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald are two novels, which address similar themes with completely opposite resolves. The authors use their main characters, Hester, Dimmesdale, Gatsby, and Daisy, in their respective works to present these themes. The action in both novels revolves around unfaithfulness, its effects on the characters, and the results of committing adultery, which prove to be antipode fromRead More Adultery in Great Gatsby Scarlet Letter Essay688 Words   |  3 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald are two novels, which address similar themes with completely opposite resolves. The authors use their main characters, Hester, Dimmesdale, Gatsby, and Daisy, in their respective works to present these themes. The action in both novels revolves around unfaithfulness, its effects on the characters, and the results of committing adultery, which prove to be antipode from one novel to the other. These antithesesRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1573 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess of living and learning. 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Unfortunately, not everyone can act as a perfect person, and mistakes or problems can occur, which leads to the isolationRead MoreA Personal Application : Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter2894 Words   |  12 PagesA Personal Application: Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and Personal Application The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a story novel that has many dynamic characters and subplots that surface throughout the tale. There are numerous morals and ethics that can be taken from each section of the story and turned around to be applied to one’s life. From the point of view as a reader, The Scarlet Letter is rich in entertainment and demands one’s attentiveness at all times. Throughout the

Benefits Of Economic Globalization On South Africa Essay

GVPT200-Essay II South Africa has reaped the benefits of economic globalization first hand as it has emerged to become a major economic power in Africa, especially in recent years. This country has been infamously plagued by apartheid, an inhumane policy of segregation based on grounds of race, which also had economic consequences as trade sanctions were established in 1986 by the United States in response to South Africa’s policy of apartheid. However, apartheid ended in the 1990s and the South African Development Community was created in 1992 in order to promote economic development through free trade zones in other regions in Africa. South Africa also signed free trade agreements with other regions, including Europe. I am interested in analyzing South Africa from 1991 when severe trade sanctions imposed against South Africa were repealed by the United States to 2010 when South Africa became part of the esteemed BRICS countries, a major indication of global economic success. The indepe ndent variable is therefore economic globalization, stimulated by the rescinding of the punitive trade sanctions by the United States in 1991, while the dependent variable is whether South Africa has done better or worse since 1991 when it became more connected to the global economy. The indicators for the independent variable are the number of level of trade barriers, the repeal of Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, openness to free trade and free trade agreements, exports, andShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects of Globalization on South Africa Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pages Globalisation refers to the process of the integration of economic, political, social and cultural relations among people, companies and governments of different nations and countries. It is a process aimed improving international movement of goods, services, labour and capital. This process also has a direct impact on the environment, culture, political systems, economic development and prosperity, and a human physical wellbeing of societies in the world. Read MoreThe Effects of Globalization1678 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Globalization Globalization involves shrinking or reduction of the world as well as an increased consciousness in regards to the world as a whole. Globalization is a term which is used in the description of changes in societies and the economy of the world which results in a dramatic increase in investment, cross border trade s well as cultural exchange. Globalization is dominated by nation states, economies of national and the cultural identities of nations. Globalization creates anRead More British Imperialism Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesBritish Imperialism In many respects, the Boer War resembles the struggle toward globalization a century later that Friedman describes in The Lexus and the Olive Tree. The British, with their more advanced industry and technology, attempted to pull the Boer Republics away from the Olive tree and into the new global economy, golden straightjacket and all. The British Empire had much at stake in the conflict, and eventually achieved its main goals. It protected its holding at Cape Town, whichRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategy1472 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational order is shaped constitutionally, or is â€Å"rule-based.† Globalization has made states and individuals increasingly interdependent and interconnected. Globalization is an â€Å"umbrella term† used to describe the interconnectedness, integration, and transcontinental interdependence of people and states; it occurs on several dimensions: economic, political, security, and social/cultural. Constructivism best explains how globalization spreads cultural norms, values, and interests resulting in constitutionalRead MoreUuhujsdkkd1008 Words   |  5 PagesLouise Gonzales Legacies of Historical Globalization – Hand In Assignments 1) How does the map on p.144 of Exploring Globalization demonstrate the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence? Explain using examples. The map demonstrates the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence because it represents the European Imperialism and Europe’s scramble for empire. European Imperialism contributed to the spread of science, religion, philosophyRead MoreAmbassadors in Pinstripes Essays826 Words   |  4 Pagesindustries seeking to establish abroad relations. Sports participation also provides a common ground and is a way to unite without discrimination, such as the warring people of South Africa during the Apartheid. 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When you really think about that number you realize how bigRead MoreEssay about South African Investment1083 Words   |  5 PagesA South African Investment Shanquetta Dupree PHI 445 Instructor: Whitfield May 17, 2011 In your judgment, were the possible utilitarian benefits of building the Caltex plant in 1977 more important than the possible violations of moral rights and of justice that may be involved? Justify your answer fully by identifying the possible benefits and the possible violations of rights and justice that you may be associated with the building of the plant and explaining which you think are more importantRead MoreGlobalisation in the Global South Social Policy1500 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalisation in the Global South Social Policy The recurrent issues on the real effects of globalization to the creation of social policies in Global South countries continue to fuel various debates in political, sociological and economic arena, as its influence in the social sector grows extensively. These issues provoke attacks claiming that globalisation only protects the welfare of Western countries and continue to take advantage of those in the Global South. It is almost always thought toRead MoreThe Global Divide Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is globalization? It can be simply defined as worldwide integration and development, but if asked to be defined by the world’s citizens it’s simply referred to as conflict. As you continue to read further, you will see how globalization and the north- south global divide play a key role in our nation’s economy. From the wars on European soil and increasing poverty in Africa, to the booming technological abilities in Japan, this one word will be an understa tement to all things to come. I’ll explain

Capital Punishment Essay - 1032 Words

Capital Punishment During the past three decades capital punishment has been a very controversial issue in the United States. 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court decided in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty was unconstitutional because it was a form of cruel and unusual punishment. However, this decision did not last long; in July 1975 the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment did not violate any parts of the Constitution. Executions as they had before 1972 resumed again. Since then 180 prisoners have been executed. The United States Supreme Court should abolish the death penalty because it is a form of cruel and unusual punishment. One of the major arguments of the anti-capital punishment movement is that it goes†¦show more content†¦Evans was given three charges of electrocution over a period of fourteen minutes. After the first and second charges Mr. Evans was still conscious and smoke was coming from all over his body as a result of his flesh burning. An official there even tried to stop the execution on account of it being cruel and unusual punishment, but was unsuccessful. Witnesses later called the whole incident a barbaric ritual. Another method of execution is the gas chamber; with this procedure a prisoner is put in a closed chamber and forced to inhale lethal fumes from a sulfuric acid and cyanide chemical reaction. According to a dissent by U.S. Supreme Court justice John Paul Stevens concerning the 1992 execution of Don Harding, there did not seem to be any civilized aspect of the gas chamber method of executing prisoners. According to the report at first Harding tried to hold his breath in side the chamber, but was unsuccessful; when he finally inhaled some of the fumes his body started convulsing and the muscles and veins under his skin were twitching in a wavelike motion. This execution took over eight minutes to complete and Mr. Harding was writhing in pain for most of that time. According to officials at the scene Harding did not fall unconscious until right before his death (Bedau). The latest method of executing prisoners on death roll has been lethal injection. It is deemed not barbaric by many people because of the fact that it does not cause struggles or maim theShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment1099 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment Murder, a common occurrence in American society, is thought of as a horrible, reprehensible atrocity. Why then, is it thought of differently when the state government arranges and executes a human being, the very definition of premeditated murder? Capital punishment has been reviewed and studied for many years, exposing several inequities and weaknesses, showing the need for the death penalty to be abolished. Upon examination, one finds capital punishment to be economically weakRead MoreCapital Punishment1137 Words   |  5 Pagescorresponding punishments. Among all penalties, capital punishment is considered to be the most severe and cruelest one which takes away criminal’s most valuable right in the world, that is, right to live. It is a heated debate for centuries whether capital punishment should be completely abolished world widely. The world seems to have mixed opinion regarding this issue. According to Amnesty International (2010), currently, 97 countries in the world have already abolished capital punishment while onlyRead MoreCapital Punishment1786 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the toughest form of punishment enforced today in the United States. According to the online Webster dictionary, capital punishment is defined as â€Å"the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offence or a capital crime† (1). In those jurisdictions that practice capital punishment, its use is usually restricted to a small number of criminal offences, principallyRead MoreCapital Punishment1276 Words   |  6 Pagesbroken to get the death penalty, increased murder rates and wrongful accusations. There are many different views of the death penalty. Many different religions have their own views of the death penalty. In Hinduism, if the king does not inflict punishment on those worthy to be punished the stronger would roast the weaker like fish on a spit. In the religion of Jainism, mostly all of their followers are abolitionists of the death penalty which means that they oppose of it. Infact, this religionRead More Capital Punishment1898 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your heart suddenly beginning to race as you hear a judge give you a death sentence and then you’re quickly carried away in chains as your family sobs as they realize that they will no longer be able to see you. As you sit in your cell you begin to look back at your life and try to see where you went wrong to end up in jail waiting to carry out a death sentence, and at the same time know that you are an innocent waiting to be heard. This same scenario repeatsRead More Capital Punishment Essay: Retain Capital Punishment?696 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment - Retain or Not?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay tangles with the question of whether or not we should retain the death penalty within the American code of penal law.    There is a feeling of frustration and horror that we experience at the senseless and brutal crimes that too frequently disrupt the harmony of society. There is pain which accompanies the heartfelt sympathy that we extend to the victims families who, in their time of suffering, are in need of the support and compassionRead MoreCapital Punishment2506 Words   |  11 PagesCapital Punishment and the Death Penalty Capital punishment exist in today’s society as citizens of the United States should we have the right to take an individual life. As illustrated throughout numerous of studies the death penalty is an unfair process seven out of ten deaths handed down by the state courts from 1973 to 1995 were overturned when appeal and the seven percent were later found to be innocent. Such as the Dobie Williams case which took place July 8, 1984. DobieRead MoreCapital Punishment Is A Legal Punishment1116 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the big deal about Capital Punishment is? According to free dictionary, Capital Punishment is to put to death as a legal punishment (Farlax). Capital Punishment is used worldwide, and is guaranteed to prevent future crime. Capital Punishment is a large controversy in the U.S. but before a personal opinion can be formed, some facts need to be known, such as what it is, where it is used and why it could be good or bad. Well, what is Capital Punishment? Capital Punishment is where a person is executedRead MoreCapital Punishment Is The Ultimate Punishment1704 Words   |  7 Pageswhat would you want from the government if he had killed someone you know? He should receive the capital punishment. The capital punishment is the ultimate punishment given to the precarious crimes. It is the last stage of capital punishment. There are different methods of like hanging, electric chair, lethal injection, firing squad, gas chamber. Murderers and rapist should be given extreme punishment, and they have to pay for their wrongdoing. We can observe crime rates are accelerating day-by-dayRead MoreCapital Punishment And Juvenile Punishment1631 Words   |  7 Pages Capital punishment is the term used when an individual is put to death by the state or government for the commission of a crime. Until recently, juveniles were not exempt from this punishment, however they would generally need to commit a more serious offense compared to their adult counterpart. Then there was the decision ruling the execution of mentally handicapped individuals was unconstitutional, using the 8th amendment as their authority, while taking into account the diminished capacity of

Understanding The Marketing and Financial Practices of Any Organizatio

Question: Write an essay on Understanding the Marketing and Financial Practices? Answer: Introduction Marketing is the process of flowing goods and services from producer to customer. Marketing management is concerned to identify and anticipate the customers need. According to that goods are produced and services are rendered for maximum satisfaction. Finance is the backbone or life-blood of an organization. Financial management is the process of acquiring, allocation and management of fumed to achieve the organizational goal. Some firms deal with manufacturing capacities to produce goods and some firms deal with services. The goods and services are sold to earn profit. So, funds should be raised to acquire manufacturing and other facilities. This study includes the understanding of marketing and financial practices and the various areas of those. Understanding Marketing Practices There are some requirements which help to achieve the organizational goal such as distinctive high quality product and service, reasonable price of the product and service, applying of modern technologies and systems, etc. Company should have a clear vision to maintain those important elements. It has examined by the researchers that there are various factors which influence the long-term of the organization. In the middle of 1970s, it was started to realize by the sociologists that traditional model was not so enough to help in understanding the large variances between goals and outcomes. Most of the models are incorporated structure, people and systems (Pride and Ferrell, 2010). Culture is fully unique component that influences the function of the organization. In Marketing Management, the concept of organizational culture is very important. In general, marketing gives focus mainly to the consumers than the organizational issues. According to the marketing management, the study of culture basically deals with the understanding of behavior of consumer, defining of culture and sub-cultures in marketing segment and cross-cultural comparison of international markets (Kotler and Keller, 2009). But, several scholars have already started to focus on the impact of organizational culture in the process of marketing management for managerial effectiveness. Contemporary Marketing Practices There are two types marketing model in marketing management such as transaction cost and relationship marketing. Relationship marketing creates more value because it helps in placing the value on establishing the long-term business relationships. Due to globalization, building new partnership and managing of a network of relationships become more important part in strategic plan. There are three aspects which are related to relationship marketing issue. The major aspect develops a relationship element to the traditional form of marketing management concept. The second aspect recommends to marketing change the transactional form of marketing into relational form of marketing. The third aspect is to create relationship between transactional marketing and relational marketing which would help in create right mix of both of the marketing approach (Bovee Thill, 2013). In the present marketing scenario, CMP (Contemporary Marketing) group suggests a new paradigm. The limitations of above three aspects of relationship marketing are recognized by contemporary marketing practices group. The CMP groups find out the impact of various factor of environment. According to the contemporary marketing practices, both transactional and relational marketing may be applied together. As said by Batory et al. (2005), there are three dimensions of relationship marketing: Interaction marketing, Network marketing and Database marketing. In 1997, the classification was modified. There were two aspects: Transactional exchange and Relational exchange. According to those two aspects, marketing are classified into four distinctive types: Transaction Marketing, Database Marketing, Interaction Marking and Network Marketing. Transaction Marketing According to Gittens and Pilgrim (2013), transaction marketing helps on economic transaction. However, according to the transactional exchange is able to categorized. Firm and the buyers are two parties who are involved in general market. In market, the communication is mainly occur inters of transact the exchange. The contact is impersonal. The relationship is discrete in nature. The balance of Passive buyers and active seller helps in balancing the power description. It focuses on satisfying and attracting the potential buyers through managing as well as controlling the element of market like marketing mix (Kerin et al. 2011). Database Marketing Database marketing creates focus on information and economic transaction. In a specific target market, the parties are a firm and buyers. Flow of communication occurs from individual to firm. In order to expand the marketing, database is more important rather than other thing. The relationship is over both time and separate during the time of database marketing. However, it is formal relationship but the communication occurs through the application of technology. Berk and DeMarzo (2011) argued that the passive buyers and active seller described the balance of power. Various type of tools and techniques of information management are used to develop and control the exchanges with the customer and organization for long term (Gittens and Pilgrim, 2013). Interaction Marketing Bonham and Langdon (2009) suggesed that interaction marketing has an interactive relationship between a buyer and seller. Both individual buyers and sellers are active and communication occurs individual to individual across the firms. It is continuous and ongoing in terms of duration (short or long term). The nature of exchanges may be formal or informal. Both mutually active buyer and seller describe the balance of power. Therefore, it is interdependent in nature. Face to face interaction is observed in interaction marketing. Network Marketing Network marketing refers to the relationships between organizations. There are not only two parties in network marketing. Multiple parties are involved such as buyers, the seller and other organizations. Flow of communication occurs from one organization to another organization involving individuals. The range of contact may be from interpersonal to impersonal and distant to close. The nature of exchanges may be formal or informal. All active and adaptive firms describe the balance of power. Understanding Financial Practices There are three important activities in a firm: Production, Marketing and Finance. Firm raises the required amount of capital and utilizes it in activities which give a return on the invested fund. The main difference between accounting and finance is that Finance helps in financial decision-making process. There are three major areas of financial decisions in the function of financial management: investment decision, financing decision and dividend decision (Berk and DeMarzo, 2011). Investment decision Investment decisions include determination of capital required for the firm and allocation of that fund to earn the benefits in term of cash. Financing decision Financing decision is the second important function of financial decision. The decision is taken regarding where from and how to finance and determination of proportion equity and debt. Dividend decision The managers decide how much profits should be distributed and kept as retain Financial Operating Activities There are various financial activities in financial management which are described below Financial Planning Financial planning identify the kind of resources are required to acquire and develop the resources to accomplish the organizational goal. Budgeting and Managing a Budget Budget helps to draw the figure of expected expenses and earnings over a period of time. The expenses and earnings are categorized according to the business activities. Budget is very useful to keep tracking the operating activities according to the plan. Managing Cash Flow For a new business, it is very difficult to manage the cash flow. Cash flow statement is the most important financial statement. The overall objective of managing cash flow is to meet the short-term liabilities of the firm. Cash flow statement refers to the difference between total cash received and total cash spent. Credit Collection It is very difficult to take decision regarding the credit term to customer or clients. If a company gives more credit period to its customer and side by side gets short credit from suppliers, it is very difficult to meet the short-term solvency. Budget Deviation Analysis Budget deviation analysis helps to detect the how well company is tracking the plan, how much to budget accurately in the future and where problems can be raised in spending. Financial Statement and Analysis Financial statements make understand the current and future position of the business. There are two types of statements: Profit loss Account and balance Sheet. Profit loss Account shows the overall status of profit or loss by adjusting the all incomes and expenses over the periods of time. Balance sheet shows the total liability and total assets position of the company (Bonham and Langdon, 2009). Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that financial analysis explains the performance of the business, whereas evaluation of marketing practice helps business organization to adopt long-term strategy and implementation of such strategies to attain its objectives. Both the practices supports business organization to find out weak area of the organization and measurable actions are taken on that to overcome the situation and to achieve the organizational goal. Reference List Batory, SS, William, N and Heineman, A 2005, 'Ethical marketing practices: An investigation of antecedents, innovativeness and business performance',Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge,vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 135-42. Bovee, CL and Thill, JV 2013, 'The art and science of marketing', inBusiness in action,6th edn, Pearson, Upper Saddle River, pp. 290-313. Bovee, CL and Thill, JV 2013, 'The art and science of marketing', inBusiness in action,6th edn, Pearson, Upper Saddle River, pp. 290-313. Bovee, CL and Thill, JV 2013, 'Financial information and accounting concepts', inBusiness in action,6th edn, Pearson, Upper Saddle River, pp. 390-413. Gittens, D and Pilgrim, S 2013, 'Foreign direct investment and human capital: a dynamic paradox for developing countries',Journal of Finance, Accounting and Management,vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 26-49. Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. (2010).Marketing. Australia: South Western Cengage Learning. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2009).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kerin, R., Hartley, S. and Rudelius, W. (2011).Marketing. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Bank, W. (2010).Global Development Finance 2010. Washington: World Bank. Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Bonham, A. and Langdon, K. (2009).Finance. Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall.

Kimberly-Clark Corp. free essay sample

Household goods manufacturers products, competition, industry analysis, strategy, recommendations. Charts. Kimberly-Clark corporation manufactures consumer goods and participates in the highly competitive household good and personal care products categories. In addition, the company has a strong paper business (and owns a considerable amount of timber) which it uses to supply its own needs as well as sell to other companies. This research considers the companys recent performance, and offers insights as to the future direction of the organization. Over the past ten years, revenues increased at a strong 8.5 percent annually, but that figure fell to five percent for the last five years. Earnings outpaced revenues during both those periods, advancing 11 percent over the past ten years, and 5.5 percent annually over the past five years (Gerstein, 1996, p. 942). In December 1995

Systems of Equations in SAT Math Algebra Prep and Practice

Systems of Equations in SAT Math Algebra Prep and Practice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Sure, you’ve done your paces on single variable equations and now they’re no problem, but what do you do when presented with multiple equations and multiple variables at once? These are what we call â€Å"systems of equations† and, luckily for us, they are extremely predictable types of problems with multiple methods for solving them. Depending on how you like to work best, you can basically choose your own adventure when it comes to system of equation problems. But before you choose the method that suits you (or the individual problem) best, let’s look at all the various options you have available as well as the types of questions you’ll see come test day. These questions will always show up once or twice on any given test, so it's best to understand all the strategies you have at your disposal. This will be your complete guide to systems of equations questions- what they are, the many different ways for solving them, and how you’ll see them on the SAT. What Are Systems of Equations? Systems of equations are a set of two (or more) equations which have two (or more) variables. The equations rely on each other and can be solved only with the information that each provides. The majority of the time on the SAT, you will see a system of equations that involves two equations and two variables, but it is certainly not unheard of that you will see three equations and/or a three variables, in any number of combinations. Systems of equations can also be solved in a multitude of ways. As always with the SAT, how you chose to solve your problems mostly depends on how you like to work best as well as the time you have available to dedicate to the problem. The three methods to solve a system of equations problem are: #1: Graphing#2: Substitution#3: Subtraction Let us look at each method and see them in action by using the same system of equations as an example. For the sake of our example, let us say that our given system of equations is: $$2y + 3x = 38$$ $$y - 2x = 12$$ Solving Method 1: Graphing There will only ever beonesolution for the system of equations, and that one solution will be the intersection of the two lines.In order to graph our equations, we must first put each equation into slope-intercept form. If you are familiar with lines and slopes, you know that slope intercept-form looks like: $y = mx + b$ So let us put our two equations into slope-intercept form. $2y + 3x = 38$ $2y = -3x + 38$ $y = {-3/2}x + 19$ And $y - 2x = 12$ $y = 2x + 12$ Now let us graph each equation in order to find their point of intersection. Once we graphed our equation, we can see that the intersection is at (2, 16). So our final results are: $x = 2$ and $y = 16$ Solving Method 2: Substitution In order to solve our system of equations through substitution, we must isolate one variable in one of the equations and then use that found variable for the second equation in order to solve for the remaining variable. For example, we have two equations, $2y + 3x = 38$ $y - 2x = 12$ So let us select just one of the equations and then isolate one of the variables. In this case, let us chose the second equation and isolate our $y$ value. $y - 2x = 12$ $y = 2x + 12$ Next, we must plug that found variable into the second equation. (In this case, because we used the second equation to isolate our $y$, we need to plug in that $y$ value into the first equation.) $2y + 3x = 38$ $2(2x + 12) + 3x = 38$ $4x + 24 + 3x = 38$ $24 + 7x = 38$ $7x = 14$ $x = 2$ And finally, you can find the numerical value for your first variable ($y$) by plugging in the numerical value for your second variable ($x$) into either equation. $2y + 3x = 38$ $2y + 3(2) = 38$ $2y + 6 = 38$ $2y = 32$ $y = 16$ Or $y - 2x = 12$ $y - 2(2) = 12$ $y - 4 = 12$ $y = 16$ Either way, you have found the value of both your $x$ and $y$. Again, $x = 2$ and $y = 16$ Solving Method 3: Subtraction As the last method for solving systems of equations, you can subtract one of the variables completely in order to find the value of the second variable. We do this by subtracting one of the entire equations from the other, complete, equation. Do take note that you can only do this if the variables in question (the one you wish to eliminate) are exactly the same. If they are NOT the same, then we must first multiply the entire equation by the necessary amount in order to make them the same. In the case of our two equations, none of our variables are equal. $2y + 3x = 38$ $y - 2x = 12$ In this case, let us decide to subtract our $y$ values and cancel them out. This means that we must first make them equal by multiplying our second equation by 2, so that both $y$ values match. $2y + 3x = 38$ $y - 2x = 12$ Becomes: $2y + 3x = 38$ (This first equation remains unchanged) And $2(y - 2x = 12)$ = $2y - 4x = 24$ (The entire equation is multiplied by 2) And now we can cancel out our $y$ values by subtracting the entire second equation from the first. $2y + 3x = 38$ - $2y - 4x = 24$ $3x - -4x = 14$ $7x = 14$ $x = 2$ Now that we have isolated our $x$ value, we can plug it into either of our two equations to find our $y$ value. $2y + 3x = 38$ $2y + 3(2) = 38$ $2y + 6 = 38$ $2y = 32$ $y = 16$ Or $y - 2x = 12$ $y - 2(2) = 12$ $y - 4 = 12$ $y = 16$ Our final results are, once again, $x = 2$ and $y = 16$. Though there are many ways to solve your problems, don't let this knowledge overwhelm you; with practice, you'll find the best solving method for you. No matter which method we use to solve our problems, a system of equations will either have one solution- meaning that each variable will have a numerical value attached- no solution, or infinite solutions. In order for a system of equations to have infinite solutions, each system is actually identical. This means that they are the same line. In order for a system of equations to have no solution, the $x$ values will be equal when the $y$ values are set to 1 (which means that both variables- $x$ and $y$- will be equal). The reason this is true is that it will result in two parallel lines, as the lines will have the same slope. The system has no solution because the two lines will never meet and therefore have no point of intersection. For instance, Because our system will have no solution when both our $y$ values and our $x$ values are equal, this means that there will be no solution where we have eliminated both our variables by canceling them out. In this case, the most expedient solution to this problem will be subtraction. Why? We can see this because the two $x$ values ($2x$ and $4x$) are multiples of one another, so we can easily multiply one equation in order to equal them out. $2x - 5y = 8$ $4x + ky = 17$ Now, let us multiply the top equation in order to equal out our $x$ values. So the system pair, $2(2x - 5y = 8)$ $4x + ky = 17$ Becomes, $4x - 10y = 16)$ - $4x + ky = 17$ $-10y - ky = -1$ In order to have NO solution, our two $y$ values must balance out to zero. So let us set our two $y$ values equal to one another: $-10y - ky = 0$ $-ky = 10y$ $k = -10$ Our $k$ valuemust be -10 in order for our system of equations to have no solution. Our final answer is A, -10. [Note: don’t fall for the bait answer of +10! You are still subtracting your system of equations, so keep close track of your negatives.] Also, if it is frustrating or confusing to you to try to decide which of the three solving methods â€Å"best† fits the particular problem, don’t worry about it! You will almost always be able to solve your systems of equations problems no matter which method you choose. For instance, you could have also chosen to graph this question. If you had done so, you would first have to put each equation into slope-intercept form: $2x - 5y = 8$ $4x + ky = 17$ $2x - 5y = 8$ $-5y = -2x + 8$ $y = 2/5(x) + 8$ And $4x + ky = 17$ $ky = -4x + 17$ $y = {-4/k}(x) + 17$ Now, we know a system of equations will have no solution only when each variable balances out to zero, so let us equate our two $x$ variables in order to solve for $k$. $2/5(x) = {-4/k}(x)$ $2/5 = {-4}/k$ ${2k}/5 = -4$ $2k = -20$ $k = -10$ Again, our $k$ value is -10. Our final answer is A, -10. As you can see, there is never any â€Å"best† method to solve a system of equations question, only the solving method that appeals to you the most. All roads lead to Rome, so don't stress yourself by trying to find the "right" solving method for your systems problems. Typical Systems of Equations Questions Most systems of equations questions on the SAT will let you know that it IS a systems of equations by explicitly using the words â€Å"systems of equations† in the question itself. (We will walk through how to solve this question later in the guide) Other problems will simply present you with multiple equations with variables in common and ask you to find the value of a one of the variables, or even a combination of the variables (such as the value of $x + y$ or $x - y$). (We will walk through how to solve this question later in the guide) And finally, the last type of systems of equation question will ask you to find the numerical value of a variable in which there is NO solution, as with the example from earlier. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Strategies for Solving Systems of Equations Questions All systems of equations questions can be solved through the same methods that we outlined above, but there are additional strategies you can use to solve your questions most accurately and expediently. #1: To begin, find the variable that is already the most isolated The ultimate goal is the find the value of all the variables, but we can only do this by finding one variable to start with. The easiest way to solve for this one variable isolate (or eliminate) the variable that has the fewest coefficients or is seemingly the most isolated. For instance, $5x - 3y = -13$ $2x + y = 19$ If we are using substitution, it is easiest for us to first isolate the $y$ value in our second equation. It is already the most isolated variable, as it does not have any coefficients, and so we will not have to deal with fractions once we replace its value in the first equation. If, on the other hand, we were using subtraction, it is still best to target and eliminate our $y$ values. Why? Because we have $3y$ and $y$, which means that we only have to multiply the second equation by 3 in order to match up our $y$ values. If we were to target and eliminate our $x$ values, we would have to multiply both equations- the first by 2 and the second by 5- in order to make our $x$ values match. Though you can always find your solutions no matter which variables you choose to isolate or eliminate, it's always nice to save yourself the time, energy, and hassle (not to mention avoid possible mistakes) by going for the easy pickings first. #2: Practice all three solving methods to see which one is most comfortable to you The best way to decide which system of equation solving method suits you the best is by practicing on multiple problems (though it will help your flexibility if you can become comfortable using all the solving methods available, even if one or two suit you better than the other(s)). When you test yourself on systems questions, try to solve each one using more than one method in order to see which one is most comfortable for you personally. #3: Use subtraction for questions that require finding more than just one variable Most â€Å"multiple variable solve† systems of equations questions will ask you to find $x + y$ or $x - y$, which will almost always be most easily found via the subtraction method. It is also most useful to use the method of subtraction when we have three or more variables, especially when it is a combination of multiple variables AND three or more variables. We will see this kind of problem in action in the next section. Ready to tackle your systems problems and put your strategies to the test? Test Your Knowledge Now let us test your system of equation knowledge on real SAT math questions. 1. 2. 3. Answers: 300, E, 12 Answer Explanations: 1. As we outlined in our strategy section, it is almost always easiest to find the value of multiple variables by using the method of subtraction (though, again, it is not the only way). We are restricted somewhat, though, as we have three variables and only two equations. Why is this important? Well, we can find the individual values for each variable if we have the same number of equations as we have variables, but in this case we do not. This means we need to use a solution that will give us $x + y$, since we cannot find the value of $x$ or $y$ alone. So let us use subtraction. To do this, we must subtract like variables and, luckily for us, both equations have a single $x + y$ value. This means we can isolate our variable $z$. $x + y + 3z = 600$ $x + y + z = 400$ So let us subtract them. $x + y + 3z = 600$ - $x + y + z = 400$ - $2z = 200$ $z = 100$ Now that we have the value of $z$, we can replace it in either of the equations in order to find the value of $x + y$. Because it is always easiest to use the most isolated variable (less math involved for us!), let us our second equation to plug in our $z$ value into. $x + y + z = 400$ $x + y + 100 = 400$ $x + y = 300$ Our final answer for the value of $x + y$ is 300. Do note, however, that if you would much prefer to use substitution, you can definitely do so. Because we are trying to find $x + y$, let us isolate it as our wanted variable in one of our equations. $x + y + 3z = 600$ $x + y + z = 400$ Let us use our first equation. $x + y + 3z = 600$ $x + y = 600 - 3z$ And now we can substitute our $x + y$ value into our second equation. $x + y + z = 400$ $(600 - 3z) + z = 400$ $600 - 2z = 400$ $-2z = -200$ $z = 100$ Now that we have found our value for $z$, we can plug it into either equation to find the numerical value for our $x + y$. Let us use the second equation to do so. Why the second? Because each value is already the most isolated and so will be easiest to work with, but each question will work either way. $x + y + z = 400$ $x + y + 100 = 400$ $x + y = 300$ Again, our final answer is $x + y = 300$ As you can see, any method will suit you- it just depends on how you like to work. 2. Again, though not the only way to solve our problem, it is easiest to use subtraction when we have three or more variables in our equations or we are trying to find a combination of variables (in this case, the value of $y + z$). In this case, we have both, so let us use subtraction. $3x + 2y + 2z = 19$ $3x + y + z = 14$ Our $x$ values are identical, so let us simply subtract the second equation from the first. $3x + 2y + 2z = 19$ - $3x + y + z = 14$ - $y + z = 5$ Our final answer is E, $y + z = 5$ 3. In this case, let us use the method of substitution in order to isolate one of our values and plug it into one of the other equations in our system. The equations we are given are: $x = 3v$ $v = 4t$ $x = pt$ $v$ is already isolated, so let us plug it back into our first equation. $v = 4t$ $x = 3v$ $x = 3(4t)$ $x = 12t$ Now, we are also told that $x = pt$, so we can equate the two expressions. $x = 12t$ $x = pt$ $12t = pt$ Because 12 and $p$ both act as coefficients (numbers before a variable) for $t$, we can see that they are equal. This means that $p = 12$ Our final answer is 12. You did it! Balloons and confetti for you! The Take-Aways As you can see, systems of equations are some of the most versatile problems when it comes to methods for solving them (though the problems themselves are not terribly varied). Though you can solve many problems on the SAT in a variety of ways, most are not quite so flexible, so take heart that you have many choices for how to proceed for your systems of equations questions. Once you practice and familiarize yourself with these types of questions, you’ll find the best method for you- your strengths, and your timing- for taking the test. And pretty soon, you’ll be able to knock out systems of equations questions in multiple ways, blindfolded, and with hands behind your back (though why you would want to is, frankly, anyone’s guess). What’s Next? Systems were a snap, you say? You're ready for math problems, you say? Well lucky you! We have more math guides than you can shake a stick at, all of which cover crucial aspects of the SAT math section. Lines and angles, polygons, integers, ratios...any topic you need to brush up on is at your fingertips, so make the best of your study time and energy and target any of your known problem areas before test day. Want to know the most valuable strategies for SAT math problems? Check out our guides on plugging in answers and plugging in numbers to help finesse the vast majority of your SAT math questions. Looking to get a perfect score? Look no further than our guide to getting a perfect 800 on the SAT math section, written by a perfect-scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

How do terrorists justify their actions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How do terrorists justify their actions - Essay Example It can be understood that a terrorist might not be a born as terrorist. Some factors then in his life could be responsible for his becoming a terrorist and not being any other professional. The activities of the terrorists might not be justified from the point of view of the common people who are killed. However, the actions of terrorists might have their own justifications. A challenge encountering the norms of International Humanitarian Law provides one justification for the acts of terrorists. According to this view, all of the individuals who are considered as non-combatant might not be innocent. These people become targets of such violent measures. Many times the effect of family might be a cause. For example, a child whose father had been a terrorist might in a natural process become a terrorist as well. Many terrorists groups are performing such acts on the name of the All-Mighty. A second justification might arise from the issues of humanity reflecting the terrorist actions to be their fights for humanity. It might also be that the individuals involved in terrorism might possess mental disorders or they are psychologically weak and suffer from lack of power (Saul, 2006). There might be personal factors or at times different situations might be responsible in compelling the individuals to perform such heinous acts. Violent acts can be closely associated with psychological difficulties within an individual (Borum, 2004, p.10). Thus psychological factors may be considered as one serious reason for justifying the acts of terrorists. The group reinforcement is another factor of concern. Many times, the probability or the rate of such performing such acts may increase as an effect of group reinforcement where the terrorist groups may be responsible in compelling an individual to take such measure (Fatout, 1992, p.63). Thus, the group of terrorists in which an individual has become part of might influence the individual to

A physical description of an object. not emotional, imaginative or Essay

A physical description of an object. not emotional, imaginative or interpretive - Essay Example The outside cover can be hard bound or just a sturdy paper that extends from its cover to its back. Its purpose is to indicate the title of the book and its corresponding pictures and designs to make the book appealing to its readers. It also serves as a protection that would prevent the contents of the book from being damaged which are composed of thinner leaves of paper where the printed words are written. The physical description of a book are the following, its shape typically rectangle. There are however other variations of which could be square, sometimes oblong. Its inner leaves are made up of thin leaves of papers where the printed contents are written. Its contents can be made up of solely of words or pictures, charts, illustrations or any visual elements that would help the readers understand the book better. Its contents are also divided into chapters to organize the ideas of the book. The wonder of a book is in its contents. When used properly, a book is a very powerful tool that could expand the mind and horizon of an individual that would bring about great and revolutionary ideas. It can also be used as a tool to improve oneself and to convey ideas and instructions. A book maybe just a bound of paper with printed word on its pages but it is the one of the most important if not the most important thing that mankind has created because it has expanded his or her mind that help create other things that made the world a better

Discussing Total Quality Management standards

Discussing Total Quality Management standards Many authors have discussed TQM Standards. Samuel K. M. Ho in the article Is the ISO 9000 Series for Total Quality Management? wrote that the philosophy of Total Quality Management is that of promoting continuous improvement in an organization and focuses primarily on total satisfaction for both the internal and external customers, within a management environment that seeks continuous improvement of all systems and processes. He added that the philosophy is based on an intense desire to achieve victory. Achieving victory is a challenge for todays companies. Competition is intense and senior managers and CEOs thrive to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage over their competitors. Though some people see TQM as something necessary to reach competitiveness and emphasize the relation between TQM and success (eg U/s GAO, 1991; Becker, 1993; Ghobadian and Gallear, 1996), others claim TQM to be merely a management fad and point out that many companies have failed to implement TQM (eg B inney, 1992; Harari, 1993; Hachman and Wageman, 1995) (Ulrika Hellsten and Bengt Klefsjo) As Hellsten and Klefsjo mentioned in their article there are different opinions of TQM. The goal of this assignment is to analyze the different views of TQM and identify whether TQM standards do help companies promote quality. It also analyzes whether TQM standards vote for the satisfaction for both the internal and external customers as said by Samuel K. M. Ho, or else they are diminishing the real scope of quality by constraining innovation and creativity in todays businesses. Studies by different authors both for and against TQM will be analyzed to understand whether TQM standards improve or lessen quality of products and services. It is important to add that various authors discussing TQM mentioned that there exists different descriptions of TQM and also (Boon O K, Atumugam V, Hwa T S (2005) said that surprisingly, a limited amount of rigorous research has been done towards identifying the effects of soft TQM practices on employees work-related attitudes. To start with it is vital to understand what is meant by TQM and its purpose. Definition of Total Quality Management In order to define quality one has to first consider who the customer is, and subsequently consider what the requirements of each different customer group are at any one time. (Leicester 2007:1.3) The Total Quality Management book of Leicester says that it is important to remember that when the level of quality the customer expects is perceived by him as being exceeded by the level of quality he has received, then an opinion of good quality is formed. Vice versa the level of quality is said to be poor when the customers expectations of the level of quality he should receive exceed the level of quality the customer perceives he has actually received. Therefore for companies to succeed it is important to understand the level of quality that the customer is expecting. There are various definitions which have been identified by different authors such as; Fitness for purpose Conformance to requirements Zero Defects Though the above phrases of quality all have different meanings in general they all have common characteristics such as; aim of satisfying the customer, provide best quality at the lowest possible price and should be companywide strategy. A definition which gathers the meaning of TQM has been defined in a website of Lean Manufacturing Concepts. TQM is a process and philosophy of achieving best possible outcomes from the inputs, by using them effectively and efficiently in order to deliver best value for the customer, while achieving long term objectives of the organization Anon (2009). This sounds an appropriate definition of TQM since it emphasizes on the value received by the customer and in return the organization attains its objectives. TQM Standards and BS EN ISO 9000 TQM started in 1927 with Elton Mayos Hawthorne experiments through 1932. Later in the 1950s Edward Deming taught statistical methods and Dr Juran taught quality management techniques to the Japanese. Many of the Total Quality Management theories were originated by Armand Feigenbaun. TQM continued evolving. New methods were introduced to support TQM such as Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma. Broughton (2009) Also organizations can become certified to ISO 9000. Various ISOs have been developed for different sectors such as ISO ISO9001, ISO9002 and ISO9003. ISO standards have been set up to focus on business planning, quality management and continuous improvement. Broughton (2009) Broughton said that the key concepts of TQM are; Structured system for exceeding customer expectations System that empowers employees Drives higher profits Drives lower costs Continuous improvement Management centered approach on improving quality As mentioned above the concepts of TQM are all centered for the benefit of the company and to satisfy the needs of the customer and ensure customer satisfaction. However, what are the impacts of TQM standards on creativity and innovation? Do TQM standards really focus on processes rather than employees thus affecting business innovation? In the next section some arguments for and against TQM standards will be discussed. Literature Review Arguments For and Against TQM standards As Wood and Peccei (1995) stated, TQM is widely agreed as a way of managing organizations with the notion to enhance employees attitudes. Quality practitioners such as Deming (1986), Crosby (1979), Juran (1991) and Feigenbaum (1983) have written much on the idea of TQM philosophies and methods. Surprisingly, a limited amount of rigorous research has been done towards identifying the effects of soft TQM practices on employees work-related attitudes. (Boon O K, Atumugam V, Hwa T S (2005) In an article namely Does soft TQM predicts employees attitudes? it is mentioned that a survey of the literature reveals that several TQM proponents believe that the soft aspects of TQM are essential to the success of TQM (Juran, 1964; Ishikawa, 1985; Deming, 1986; Aubrey and Felkins, 1998; Dale et al., 1992; Cruickshank, 2000). Powell (1995, p. 15) concluded that organizations that acquire the soft elements of TQM can outperform competitors without the accompanying TQM ideology. Evidence from the grow ing literature on TQM failure emphasizes the neglect of the soft side of quality management wherein the HR and organizational behaviour aspects of quality management are not given their deserved emphasis (Lowery et al., 2000;Wilkinson et al., 1998; Cruickshank, 2000). TQM, which has been adopted by leading industrial companies, is a participative system empowering all employees to take responsibility for improving quality within the organization. Instead of using traditional bureaucratic rule enforcement, TQM calls for a change in the corporate culture, where the new work climate has the following characteristics: An open, problem-solving atmosphere; Participatory design making. Trust among all employees (staff, line, workers, managers). A sense of ownership and responsibility for goal achievement and problems solving. Self-motivation and self-control by all employees. TQM requires that management, and eventually every member of the organization, commit to the need for continual improvement in the way work is accomplished. Business plans, strategies, and management actions require continual rethinking in order to develop a culture that reinforces the TQM perspective. The challenge is to develop a robust culture where the idea of quality improvement is not only widely understood across departments, but becomes a fundamental, deep-seated value within each function area as well. Anon (2009) On the other hand Crawford (1998) argues that one of the main reasons for the present economic stalemate being experienced in Japan is the obstacle to innovation which is presented by the mindset of continuous improvement. He considers that this mentality reflects, in the main, a wish to avoid the embarrassment resulting from potential failures associated with radical change. The point is also made that a strategy of continuous improvement does not necessarily work in markets which constitute high risk investment, such as pharmaceuticals and microprocessors. These types of arguments tend to imply that TQM is not a valid paradigm in a world where changes are becoming increasingly frequent and need to be made at a faster pace. Martinez Lorent A.R, Dewhurst F, Dale B G (1999) It continues that though TQM is seen as business innovation it does not necessarily mean that it promotes business innovation. Martinez Laurent, Dewhurst and Dale said that TQM tends to lessen business innovation such as improving processes and improving the way in which people are managed with the aim of adapting to the changing environment. On the other hand Curry and Clayton (1992), Imai (1986) and Miller (1995) said that progressive business innovation can be achieved by TQM through continuous improvement. In the article TQM and business innovation it is also mentioned that Companies following TQM approach can more easily assimilate innovations imported from other situations due to the willingness of its employees to accept new ideas as a result of the continuous improvement ethos promoted by TQM Martinez Lorent A.R, Dewhurst F, Dale B G (1999) It is evident from the literature reviewed that TQM is becoming a major requirement for organisations to be successful and gain a competitive advantage. As time goes by customers are becoming more demanding and companies have to focus on identifying customer needs to achieve customer satisfaction. In an article of TQM on the web it says that the views of todays companies of TQM include characteristics such as an open problem solving atmosphere and participatory decision making. Anon (2009) This is an evidence that it is not true that TQM focuses on processes and neglects the people aspect. To adapt to the changing of customers needs and this changing environment TQM promotes employee involvement and as mentioned above participatory decision making. This would also lead to employee satisfaction and motivation. Though it is claimed that TQM has various benefits various companies have claimed that TQM implementation resulted in a failure. Thus it is necessary that companies manage TQM efficiently and effectively. The next chapter of this assignment will outline some of the aspects which need to be considered for the successful implementation of TQM. Successful implementation of TQM Before applying any TQM standards a company should have a well defined strategy and mission in place. Having a strategy in place means that the company has pre defined set of objectives to achieve. The operational and management structure should be adopted to achieve the set strategy. The mission statement should reflect the values and beliefs which underpin all corporate activities. (Leciester 2007:4.5) A mission statement has to be well communicated to the employees and has to inspire people with the aim of achieving the goals set by the company. Last but not least a company should set value statements. Value statements should guide the way people within the organization function and as such should be a substantial influence on the development of a total quality culture. (Leicester 2007:4.8) Helsten and Klefsjo believe that before applying any TQM standards a company has to start with core values and only then the techniques and tools are selected as shown in the diagram below. Increase external and internal customer satisfaction with a reduced amount of resources. Techniques Core Values Tools The techniques and tools selected will then have to be adopted. For instance an example mentioned by Hellsten and Klefsjo, the core value Let everybody be committed can be implemented by techniques such as improvement groups and quality circles. The tools might be Ishikawa diagram, Pareto diagram and histograms. Core values characterize the organization and as these change overtime the techniques and tools will have to fit these values. Robert Dunn says that most importantly before implementing BS EN 9000 one has to be thinking about quality in the company and in all its activities. It is useless implementing the standard just for the sake because purchasers want the certification. (Dunn R 1995:11) Today, developing quality across the entire firm can be an important function of the human resource management (HRM) department. A failure on HRMs part to recognize this opportunity and act on it may result in the loss of TQM implementation responsibilities to other departments with less expertise in training and development. The ultimate consequence of this loss is an ineffective implementation of the TQM strategy. Thus, HRM should act as the pivotal change agent necessary for the successful implementation of TQM. Based on this customer first orientation, organizational members are constantly seeking to improve products or services. Employees are encouraged to work together across organizational boundaries. Underlying these cooperative efforts are two crucial ideas. One is that the initial contact with the customer is critical and influences all future association with that customer. The other idea is that it is more costly to acquire new customers than to keep the customers you already have. Exemplifying TQM here would mean that the HR department would need to train itself, focusing on being customer-driven toward other departments.   Anon (2009) The effective use of quality improvement teams, and the TQM system as a whole, can be reinforced by applying basic principles of motivation. In particular, the recognition of team accomplishments as opposed to those of individuals, and the effective use of goal setting for group efforts, are important in driving the TQM system. The HR department is in a position to help institutionalize team approaches to TQM by designing appraisal and reward systems that focus on team performance.    For many companies, the philosophy of TQM represents a major culture shift away from a traditional production-driven atmosphere. In the face of such radical operational makeovers, a determined implementation effort is vital to prevent TQM from becoming simply just another management fad. Senior management must take the lead in overt support of TQM.  Anon (2009) Part of HRMs functional expertise is its ability to monitor and survey employee attitudes. This expertise can be particularly important for a TQM program, since getting off to a good start means having information about current performance. Thus, a preparatory step is to administer an employee survey targeting two primary concerns. One involves identifying troublesome areas in current operations, where improvements in quality can have the most impact on company performance. The other focuses on determining existing employee perceptions and attitudes toward quality as a necessary goal, so that the implementation program itself can be fine-tuned for effectiveness. Beyond communicating the TQM philosophy, the specific training and development needs for making TQM a practical reality must be assessed. Basically HR professionals must decide the following: What knowledge and skills must be taught? How? What performance (behaviours) will be recognized, and how will we reward them? HRM has faced these questions before and can best confront them in the TQM process. Training and development that does not fit within the realm of these questions will more than likely encounter heavy resistance. However, training and development does fall within the realm of these questions probably will be accepted more readily. Testimonies from Various Companies TQM standards help you clarify and identify customers requirements. Furthermore TQM help a company deliver what the customers order and on time, spot product deficiencies and improve processes and also improve competitiveness. Alan Davis from Ind Coope Burton Brewery highly believes that the company is committed to a total quality culture. He adds that with this approach all parts of the company are involved in continuous improvement in return this gives the assurance of quality to the customer. He also added that the company will soon be ready to seek registration of its quality system to BS 5750. (Moritiboys Oakland J 1994:35). Acorns Nurseries of Cardiff which is a child care centre claimed that by seeking registration under BS EN ISO 9002 they would be able to demonstrate the quality of their service thus would inspire confidence in their customers. Acorns said that the advantages of having a documented system are; Ensure standards are throughout amongst all their sites. Well kept records, stock control ensures consumables are available and parents concerns are replied quickly. Most importantly the efficient management system allows the nursery nurses to get on with what they are best at looking after children. (Dunn R 1995:7) Below are some of the benefits of TQM standards by Robert Dunn; Motivate staff to improve performance Define key roles in the company Consistent in orders and delivery Good management of customer complaints Continuous improvement Glossop Carton a company which achieved certification in 1992 says that since the certification gross profit has risen and when things go wrong, they can now pin point where they have gone wrong. Therefore then they can adjust accordingly and learn from mistakes thus promoting a better quality product for the customer. Conclusion In the book of Leicester in an article by Moritiboys Oakland it is mentioned that The International Standards Organisation (ISO) Standard 9000 Series sets out the methods by which management system, incorporating all the activities associated with quality, can be implemented in an organization to ensure that all the specified performance requirements and needs of the customer are fully met. In the article Implementing BS EN ISO 9000 it is said that the standard is flexible and companies big or small can adapt it to their needs and be compliant. A proof of this is the write up by Pat Martin founder of Stelmax a business employing 12 people. I used to think BS EN ISO 9000 was just for the big fish in the sea. She emphasizes that quality is important to all firms no matter the size. She says that the quality of the products improved which is highly required factor in this increasingly competitive market. (Dunn R 1995:6) It is evident from the literature reviewed that TQM standards are important for organizations and as time passes its popularity is increasing considerably. TQM standards are also required to outcompete competitors in this increasing market. However for a successful implementation and to promote innovation and creativity it is necessary that organizations primarily identify the core values and also do not neglect the human resources aspect. Training and development, setting up TQM focus teams, support from senior managers, involvement in decision making, communication and rewards are the essence of successful TQM implementation. These all lead to employee satisfaction and in return will ensure customer satisfaction which is the fad of TQM. Last, TQM is necessary because it works. The pioneering firms in TQM include American Express, IBM, Xerox, 3M, Toyota, Ricoh, Canon, Hewlett-Packard, Nissan and many others. Samuel K.M (1993)

censorship sucks @*$ Essay examples -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The word censorship dates back to the sixth century B.C. in the Roman Empire. Roman officials titled censors would assess citizen’s property, and they would proclaim its value. The wealthier a citizen was the more rights that citizen received. Censorship is defined presently as the suppression of all or part of a publication, play, or film considered offensive or a treat. Unfortunately due to current political and social circumstances, or just very wealthy right winged conservatives; the oppression of censorship has been stretched over the very head of the first amendment like the lower lip of a man stretched over his head. Countless times in our society we find cases of over censoring, causing many to question whether or not censorship has a rightful place anymore?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The New York Times there was an article printed about a censorship issue at New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts. In October of 2003 a film student named Paula Carmicino was told to stop production on four-minute documentary of the â€Å"portrayal of the contrast between unbridled human lust and banal everyday behavior.† They administration felt that her film was inappropriate, even for a university. The film required two actors to have sex on camera in front of the class. Her professor approved, but the administration of the Tisch School saw it as not acceptable. The matter caused a very tempestuous situation on campus.   Ã‚  Ã‚   ...

Critical Incident

Rich & Parker 2001 defines critical incidents as snapshots of something that happens to a patient, their family or healthcare professional. It may be something positive, or it could be a situation where someone has suffered in some way. Reflecting on critical incidents will allow me to explore and analyse incidents and how it has affects me and what I hope to do with these effects in the course of my training towards becoming a registered practitioner. It also gives me the opportunity of changing my way of thinking or practice, as I learn valuable lessons when I reflect on an incident. This helps me to develop self-awareness and skills in critical thinking and problem solving (Rich & Parker 2001). On the other hand, Johns 2003 defines reflection as â€Å" being mindful of self, either within or after an experience, as if a window through which the practioners can view and focus self within the context of a particular experience, in order to confront, understand and move towards resolving contradiction between one’s vision and actual practice†. I will be using the Beckwith model of reflection which states clearly that reflection is a tool to deal with challenges that will influence the speed and amplitude of one’s development, to explore these effects in other to understand and learn from this incident, with the hope of improving my practice (Beckwith & Beckwith 2007). The incident I will be reflecting upon occurred while attending a clinical placement in the critical care unit at my placement hospital which for the purpose of this essay will be referred to as X Hospital. Critical Care is the multi-professional healthcare specialty that cares for patients with acute, life-threatening illness or injury, (Sheppard & Wright 2005). Critical care can be provided wherever life is threatened. Critical care provided at the scene of an accident or in an ambulance is basic life support. Basic life support is the emergency treatment of any condition where the brain stops receiving adequate oxygen; it could be a cardiac or respiratory arrest, (Kumar). A cardiac arrest is one where there is no pulse and is unlikely the patient will recover with basic life support alone but advanced life support with a defibrillator is required. It is important to carry out basis life support until defibrillator arrives even after careful assessment one discovers it’s a cardiac arrest, as one usually leads to the other, (Kumar). The importance of recognizing, assessing and reacting to cardiorespiratory arrest is very important. Immediate response increases the chances of a successful outcome, (Davey and Ince). Shostek says critical care in a hospital setting is provided by multi-professional teams of highly experienced and professional personnel who use their unique expertise and ability to interpret important therapeutic information, manage highly sophisticated equipment and provide care that leads to the best outcome for the patient. Patients are usually admitted from the emergency room or surgical area where they are first given care and stabilized to CCU, (NHS Careers). The management of the critically ill patient ranges from eye care(Appendix 1), oral care(Appendix 2), infection control, health and safety issues, tissue viability among other vital issues like care bundles for this high risk group of patients who are dependent these care to maintain integrity and dignity according to trust policy. Suction pumps are also vital in the critical care setting as airway hygiene is impaired in critically ill patients as a result of depressed cough reflex and ineffective mucociliary clearance from sedation, high inspired oxygen concentrations, elevated endotracheal tube cuff pressure, and tracheal mucosal inflammation and damage, (X Hospital Policy). Due to this, care of intubated patients includes tracheal suctioning to facilitate the removal of airway secretions (suction therapy) is carried out on all unconscious patient, as it maintains airway patency and prevents pulmonary infection, (X Hospital Policy). A tube or catheter is passed down inside the endotracheal tube and attached to a suction pump, the size of the catheter must be chosen carefully using a simple formula of doubling the size of ET tube minus 2. One should be careful to suction on withdrawal using a suction pressure that is appropriate. Suction depth varies depending on the size of the trachea tube hence suction can be shallow, pre-measured and deep suctioning. Despite the importance of suctioning some complications like hypoxia, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, tracheal trauma, laryngospasm and bronchoconstriction are associated with it. Hence tracheal suctioning of intubated patients should be performed on a when needed basis defined by the quantity of secretions obtained, not at prescribed, set intervals, (X Hospital Policy). The incident I will be reflecting on is about a Twenty-Nine-year-old male admitted to the critical care unit with a closed head injury sustained in a motor vehicle accident. His young wife, parents and other family members faced real fears. Most of the family members had never been inside a critical care unit, and found the array of pumps, tubes, machines, monitors and lines, as well as the rush of staff members overwhelming. Just by looking at them and watching their reaction each time they come visiting was enough to tell me how scared and worried they were of their son’s illness and the environment they were in. I started to wonder what was going on in their minds and was drawn to them not only for this reason but because the patient and his family members were the youngest I ever saw in the unit. I was thinking to myself if they have asked questions or done any research about CCU they will most likely be thinking their son’s situation is hopeless. It is important to label and date all the lines as this helps to know what each is used for and how long it has been in situ for. Also care should be taken when moving patients to ensure the stay in place as it can be very uncomfortable and difficult to reinsert a cannula on a patient as most of them are oeadematous. As I was involved in the care of the patient I had to explain to the wife why her husband was connected to a ventilator and it use. A ventilator is an artificial breathing machine that moves oxygen-enriched air in and out of your lungs. If your lungs have failed and you cannot breathe on your own, you will need to be attached to a ventilator (See appendix 3). Being helped to breathe by a ventilator means that you will usually need to be sedated. Ventilators can offer different levels of breathing assistance. If you only need help breathing for a couple of days, it is likely you will have an endotracheal tube from the ventilator to your mouth or nose. The tube will usually be held in place behind your neck as was the case with my patient. However, if you need help with breathing for more than a few days, you may have a short operation called a tracheostomy. This replaces the tube in your mouth with a shorter tube that is placed directly into your trachea. As well as being more comfortable, a tracheostomy makes it easier to keep your lungs clean, and usually requires less sedation. There are two kinds of ventilators, negative pressure and positive pressure. Negative pressure ventilators are not commonly in use today. In my trust we have only the positive pressure ventilators. Mode of ventilation should be tailored to the needs of the patient. Understanding these settings is important as they may need to be changed quickly. Once my patient’s next of kin fully understood the treatment he was receiving I could see this young lady’s face soften a bit. I later learnt from my conversations with her that their 5years-old daughter, had been in the back seat with him when the accident occurred. She had not slept properly since the incident, expressing that she was afraid he would â€Å"never come home. † She has continually asked her mother and grand parents, â€Å"When is daddy coming back home? † The 5-year-old girl would not enter the parents’ bedroom at home and insisted that the light remain on and has refused to take her bath as her dad always gave her a bath each evening. From this conversation I concluded that this little girl needed to see, touch, smell and be with her dad to understand what had happened. I believe that she needs to be allowed to grieve and participate in the healing process surrounding her dad’s trauma. However, there were barriers, because our institution’s written policy was to not allow anyone under the age of 12 to visit patients even though the majority of published studies evaluating family member presence in surgery have shown the positive effect it has on family members irrespective of their age, (Kingsnorth et al 2010). Some of these benefits included removing the family’s doubt about the patient’s situation and allowing them to see that everything possible is being done in caring for that patient, reducing their anxiety and fear about what is happening to their loved one, maintaining the family need to be together even at this time. In addition, when and if death occurred, families have reported that their presence gave them a sense of closure and facilitated the grief process, (Kingsnorth et al 2010). With this information I spoke with my mentor and she agreed how awful it must be for her and promised to look into it. Three days after the accident, my mentor came to me and said they have come up with something that will help this young family and asked if I wanted to be involved with it, I said yes. We approached our patient’s family about scheduling an educational conference for the family. We agreed to include aunts, uncles, grandparents a young niece and two nephews. There were fears about how the children will handle the information but the adults were advised that, if the children exhibited fear or discomfort, they can be allowed to leave the conference room. At the conference, I sat with the children at the table and provided them with crayons and paper. Drinks and cookies were available. I was glad the atmosphere was gentle, quiet, comfortable and conducive to learning. We began the session by discussing definitions of grief, mourning, loss and coping. The adults agreed that this was the first trauma in the family and were giving the children explanations such as â€Å"God may take him† and â€Å"Dad may never wake up. †It was now time to listen to the children. They were asked to talk about a time when they had been sick. We went over what each part of the anatomy did and how they worked together. The children were asked to draw picture of what they understand of the discussion, drew pictures of lungs, a heart, a brain and a rib cage. When the patient’s daughter drew her Dad, she placed wires and tubes in his organs. At this stage I could see that the little girl now understands what had happened to her Dad. The adults who previously did not fully understand the injury to their son appreciated the education. The patient’s young wife had her eyes full of tears but I saw relief on her face regardless. As the clinical picture becomes clearer, the little girl asked if she could see her dad. All agreed this might be beneficial. Now we were confronted with the hospital policy prohibiting children in the critical care unit. The sisters spoke among themselves. I was praying silently that they can make an exception here. It is believed that every patient should be treated as an individual and critical care involves the care of family members as well (Kingsnorth et al 2010). I was glad when the sister came back and asked the patient’s wife to take her daughter to the ICU door, while all the staffs were informed of the plan. The decision was to allow the young daughter to see her dad and hospital policy was explained again, they all understood and were evidently glad like I was. The daughter entered the unit with wide eyes and stood at her dad’s bedside, where she was told about every tube and its purpose. The little girl took her dad’s hand and cried, as did the entire staff. Except for the hum of ventilators, the unit was quiet as the little girl held hands with her father, stroked his hair, sang him a song and said goodnight with prayers. I savored this moment as I realized it was an important journey in the little girl’s life. As a student I concluded that surely there can be nothing superior to this type of care giving. Through out the lecture I couldn’t help but think that God forbid if this was me or my family member I would hope for a care team as nice and understanding as these ones looking after my family. I imagined if these were my children I sure would want them to understand what is happening and to be able to confront it if they want to and what better way to do this. Following the visit, we were told how the little girl had become more agreeable at home. She says â€Å"I have to keep things in order until Dad comes home. † Making a difference is what care exemplifies, particularly when the art of humanity in a technologically driven healthcare system is advocated, (NHS Careers). I truly agree with this statement. For me the critical environment was a different setting and honestly I believe there can be no other like it. It is a very emotional setting that requires strong willed people yet competent in their jobs as well as having a heart full of love to care for their patient and family members. This is an experience that will stay with me throughout my career and influence me in a positive way as I can clearly understand that delivering quality care goes beyond what is done for the patient but for family members around as well. In my trust eye care is recognized as a basic nursing care procedure required by critically ill patients to prevent complications such as eye infections or injury. This care involves regular eye assessment on each patient in the ward to ensure that all patients receive individualized evidence based eye care which ranges from no action required to hydration treatment with and sterile water to a more complex treatment prescribed by a doctor. If hydration or cleaned care is taken to wipe from the nasal corner outwards starting with the lower lids using a different wipe or gauze each time. If there is an infection the non-infected eye should be cleaned first. Sometimes a bacteria barrier cream may be applied if the doctors deem it necessary, (X Hospital Trust Policy). Appendix 2- Oral Care Similarly, all critical ill patients who are intubated receive individualized evidence based mouth care. All orally intubated patients will have moisture, integrity and cleanliness of all oral surfaces. Intubated patient are especially vulnerable to complications if inadequate oral care is practiced. Also there are many factors that pose as barriers to carrying out effective oral care such as: difficulty to access oral cavity, changes in mucosa and normal bacteria flora of the mouth, immunocompromise and medication, presence of endotracheal tubes, oral suctioning and therapeutic dehydration. Based on the above, assessment is carried out daily using the Eilers assessment guide. Whatever the outcome of this assessment oral care on all critically ill patients on a daily basis involves using a soft tooth brush and toothpaste every 12hours in a circular stroke away from the gums, cleaning the tongue and inside of the cheeks. A through rinse using a syringe and gentle suction to remove secretions thereby minimizing trauma to soft tissues in the mouth. Foam sticks and sterile water can be used in cases of extreme dryness as it’s is effective for moistening oral cavity. Soft paraffin can also be used to prevent lips from cracking. Dentures are usually removed and cared for till when patient needs it, (X Hospital Trust Policy). Appendix 3 – Understanding ventilators settings Tidal volume This is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inspiration and expiration with no extra effort. Typical values are around 500ml or 7ml/kg. To avoid adverse effects of barotrauma and volutrauma it is recommended to use lower tidal volumes. An initial TV of 5-8 mL/kg of ideal body weight is generally indicated. The goal is to adjust the TV so that plateau pressures are less than 35 cm H2 O. Continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) Breaths are delivered at preset intervals, regardless of patient effort. This mode is used most often in the paralyzed patient because it can increase the work of breathing if respiratory effort is present. CMV has given way to assist-control (A/C) mode. Many ventilators do not have a true CMV mode and offer A/C instead. Assist-control ventilation The ventilator delivers preset breaths in coordination with the respiratory effort of the patient. With each inspiratory effort, the ventilator delivers a full assisted tidal volume. Spontaneous breathing is not allowed. This mode is better tolerated than CMV in patients with intact respiratory effort. Intermittent mandatory ventilation With intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), breaths are delivered at a preset interval, and spontaneous breathing is allowed between ventilator-administered breaths. Spontaneous breathing occurs against the resistance of the airway tubing and ventilator valves, which may be formidable. This mode has given way to synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation The ventilator delivers preset breaths in coordination with the respiratory effort of the patient. Spontaneous breathing is allowed between breaths. These modes are beneficial for patients who require high minute ventilation. Full support reduces oxygen consumption and CO2 production of the respiratory muscles. A potential drawback of A/C ventilation in the patient with obstructive airway disease is worsening of air trapping and breath stacking. Pressure support ventilation For the spontaneously breathing patient, pressure support ventilation (PSV) has been advocated to limit barotrauma and to decrease the work of breathing. Pressure support differs from A/C and IMV in that a level of support pressure is set (not TV) to assist every spontaneous effort. Airway pressure support is maintained until the patient's inspiratory flow falls below a certain cutoff. PSV is frequently the mode of choice in patients whose respiratory failure is not severe and who have an adequate respiratory drive. It can result in improved patient comfort, reduced cardiovascular effects, reduced risk of barotrauma, and improved distribution of gas. CPAP is an acronym for â€Å"continuous positive airway pressure†, a variation of the PAP system. Respiratory rate A respiratory rate (RR) of 8-12 breaths per minute is recommended for patients not requiring hyperventilation for the treatment of toxic or metabolic acidosis, or intracranial injury. High rates allow less time for exhalation, increase mean airway pressure, and cause air trapping in patients with obstructive airway disease. The initial rate may be as low as 5-6 breaths per minute in asthmatic patients when using a permissive hypercapnia technique. Positive end-expiratory pressure Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a term used in mechanical ventilation to denote an airway pressure that is kept above atmospheric pressure at the end of the expiratory cycle. The equivalent in a spontaneously breathing patient is CPAP. One obvious beneficial effect of PEEP is to shift lung water from the alveoli to the perivascular interstitial space. It does not decrease the total amount of extravascular lung water. This is of clear benefit in cases of cardiogenic as well as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. An additional benefit of PEEP in cases of CHF is to decrease venous return to the right side of the heart by increasing intrathoracic pressure. 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